The practical interpretation of the orthogonality definition is that
if a symbol ai(t) is mixed with a carrier reference equal to the
frequency and phase of a second symbol aj(t), and the mixer output is
then averaged over a symbol period using a matched filter or integrator, the output will
be zero. This means that with orthogonal signalling it is possible to increase the number of symbol states used without affecting the
output from an individual coherent detector, and hence
without increasing the probability of symbol error for each detector.
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